Instinctive behaviours have evolved across animal phyla and ensure the survival of both the
individual and species. They include behaviours that achieve defence, feeding, aggression …

Escape behavior is a set of locomotor actions that move an animal away from threat. While
these actions can be stereotyped, it is advantageous for survival that they are flexible. 1, 2, 3 …

Anxiety is a complex phenomenon: Its eliciting stimuli and circumstances, component
behaviors, and functional consequences are only slowly coming to be understood. Here, we …

Previous studies showed that the dorsal premammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus (PMD)
is involved in social passive defensive behaviors likely to be meditated by descending …

Defensive behavior: Sensing threats from terrestrial and aerial predators: Current Biology Skip
to Main Content Skip to Main Menu Advertisement Current Biology This journal offers authors …

Pavlovian fear conditioning research suggests that the interaction between the dorsal
periaqueductal gray (dPAG) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) acts as a prediction error …

Dopamine is extremely important for the multiple functions of the brain and spinal cord
including locomotor behavior. Extracellular dopamine levels are controlled by the …

Stimulation of the dorsal half of the rat periaqueductal gray (DPAG) with 60-Hz pulses of
increasing intensity, 30-μA pulses of increasing frequency, or increasing doses of an …

The predatory imminence continuum (PIC) of antipredator defensive behavior has been a
helpful strategy for modeling anxiety and fear-related disorders in nonclinical research. The …

It is known that fear responses to clearly identified threats can inhibit motion, slowing down
gait and inducing postural freezing. Nonetheless, it is less clear how anxiety, which emerges …