Bone stress injuries, including stress fractures, are overuse injuries that lead to substantial
morbidity in active individuals. These injuries occur when excessive repetitive loads are …

In the mammalian skeletal system, osteogenesis and angiogenesis are intimately linked
during bone growth and regeneration in bone modeling and during bone homeostasis in …

Osteoporosis is a bone disorder with remarkable changes in bone biologic material and
consequent bone structural distraction, affecting millions of people around the world from …

The bone is the third most common site of metastasis for a wide range of solid tumors
including lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, thyroid, gynecologic, and melanoma, with 70% of …

Bone homeostasis depends on the resorption of bones by osteoclasts and formation of
bones by the osteoblasts. Imbalance of this tightly coupled process can cause diseases …

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that are derived from hematopoietic precursor cells
and require macrophage-colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB …

Orthopedic implants containing biodegradable magnesium have been used for fracture
repair with considerable efficacy; however, the underlying mechanisms by which these …

The success of regenerative medicine in various clinical applications depends on the
appropriate selection of the source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Indeed, the source …

Bone repair in patients with osteoporosis remains a big challenge because their injury sites
are often accompanied by an abnormal level of inflammation and reactive oxygen species …

Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …