Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses.
Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF …

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of
biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of …

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a flexible, hydrophilic simple polymer that is physically attached
to peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, liposomes, and nanoparticles to reduce renal clearance …

The BAFF-receptor (BAFFR) is encoded by the TNFRSF13C gene and is one of the main pro-
survival receptors in B cells. Its function is impressively documented in humans by a …

Therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints has garnered significant attention in the area
of cancer immunotherapy, in which efforts have focused in particular on cytotoxic T …

The B cell activating factor (BAFF), or B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), is a B cell survival
factor which supports autoreactive B cells and prevents their deletion. BAFF expression is …

Primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) is a prototypical autoimmune disease. The involvement of
B cells in the pathogenesis of pSS has long been suspected on the basis of clinical …

The BAFF system plays a key role in the development of autoimmunity, especially in
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This often leads to the assumption that BAFF is mostly …

Long-lived humoral immunity is manifested by the ability of bone marrow plasma cells (PCs)
to survive for extended periods of time. Recent studies have underscored the importance of …

Intestinal dysbiosis, characterized by a reduced Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, has been
reported in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. In this study, in vitro cultures …