There is not a single species that does not strive for survival. Every species has crafted
specialized techniques to avoid possible dangers that mostly come from the side of their …

In nature, vigilance is a common anti-predator strategy prey individuals employ to protect
themselves from a possible attack. It gives them sufficient time to take cover or flee. Yet this …

Environmental pollution has led to many ecological issues, including air, water, and soil
contamination. Developing appropriate pollution control measures to mitigate these hazards …

To reduce the chance of predation, many prey species adopt group defense mechanisms.
While it is commonly believed that such defense mechanisms lead to positive feedback on …

This study examines a Caputo-type fractional-order food chain model, considering the
Holling type II functional response with the vigilance effect. The model explores the …

Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin centrata) exhibit strong environmental
adaptability and live in both freshwater and saltwater. However, the genetic basis of this …

Allee effect in models in interacting species of predator prey system has great significance in
ecological context. Allee effect plays crucial role in population dynamics in ecology, where it …

This article focuses on the asymptotic and transient behavior of a food chain model with
vigilance in the biparameter spaces. Firstly, the local asymptotic stability conditions of the …

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of a three-level vertical food
chain model, specifically focusing on the interactions between vegetation, herbivores, and …

Most stability analyzes of SDE models are based on the construction of Lyapunov functions,
but it is difficult to find suitable Lyapunov functions in some cases. This paper investigates a …