This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Fear memory is the best-studied form of memory. It was thoroughly investigated in the past
60 years mostly using two classical conditioning procedures (contextual fear conditioning …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

The psychology of extinction has been studied for decades. Approximately 10 years ago,
however, there began a concerted effort to understand the neural circuits of extinction of fear …

Anxiety-related disorders can be treated by cognitive therapies and transcranial magnetic
stimulation, which involve the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Subregions of the mPFC …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after a
traumatic experience such as domestic violence, natural disasters or combat-related trauma …

Over the course of natural history, countless animal species have evolved adaptive
behavioral systems to cope with dangerous situations and promote survival. Emotional …

Studies on prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine (DA) function have revealed its essential role
in mediating a variety of cognitive and executive functions. A general principle that has …

Extinction of fear responses is critical for adaptive behavior and deficits in this form of safety
learning are hallmark of anxiety disorders. However, the neuronal mechanisms that initiate …

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with synaptic plasticity, which is
crucial for long-term learning and memory. Some studies suggest that people suffering from …