Comparisons of rhythmic movements and the central pattern generators (CPGs) that control
them uncover principles about the evolution of behaviour and neural circuits. Over the …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Highlights•Molluscs evolved large brains independently from vertebrates using homologous
morphogenic genes such as Hox, Pax, and ParaHox in novel ways.•Cephalopod brains …

The antidepressant fluoxetine is commonly found in aquatic fauna living near or downstream
from point-sources of municipal waste effluent. Continuous release of fluoxetine results in …

In response to a suitably aversive skin stimulus, the marine mollusk Tritonia diomedea
launches an escape swim followed by several minutes of high-speed crawling. The two …

It is often assumed that similar behaviors in related species are produced by similar neural
mechanisms. To test this, we examined the neuronal basis of a simple swimming behavior in …

The nudibranch mollusc, Dendronotus iris, swims by rhythmically flexing its body from left to
right. We identified a bilaterally represented interneuron, Si3, that provides strong excitatory …

Closely related species can exhibit different behaviours despite homologous neural
substrates. The nudibranch molluscs Tritonia diomedea and Melibe leonina swim differently …

Homologues of a neuron that contributes to a species-specific behavior were identified and
characterized in species lacking that behavior. The nudibranch Tritonia diomedea swims by …

The central pattern generator (CPG) underlying the rhythmic swimming behavior of the
nudibranch Melibe leonina (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) has been described as …