Cellular immune responses consist of innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune
mechanisms, where all leukocyte subpopulations are included. Among these are vital …

The immune system is composed of two subsystems—the innate immune system and the
adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the first to respond to pathogens and …

What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

The C-type lectin receptor–Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) adaptor CARD9 facilitates protective
antifungal immunity within the central nervous system (CNS), as human deficiency in …

Starting out as a model for developmental biology, during the last decade, zebrafish have
also gained the attention of the immunologists and oncologists. Due to its small size, high …

Cytokines, produced at the site of entry of a pathogen, drive inflammatory signals that
regulate the capacity of resident and newly arrived phagocytes to destroy the invading …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their signaling pathways have essential roles in
recognizing various components of pathogens as well as damaged cells and triggering …

TNF-α is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and regulation of immune cells. It is
produced chiefly by activated macrophages as a membrane or secreted form. In rainbow …

Inflammation is a crucial step in the development of chronic diseases in humans.
Understanding the inflammation environment and its intrinsic mechanisms when it is …