With the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs), new, high-throughput serial
crystallography techniques for macromolecular structure determination have emerged …

BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

Although the roots of Ras sprouted from the rich history of retrovirus research, it was the
discovery of mutationally activated RAS genes in human cancer in 1982 that stimulated an …

RAS proteins are monomeric GTPases that act as binary molecular switches to regulate a
wide range of cellular processes. The exchange of GTP for GDP on RAS is regulated by …

From the pioneering work with acute transforming retroviruses to the current post-genomic
era, RAS genes have always been at the leading edge of signal transduction and molecular …

GTPases are conserved molecular switches, built according to a common structural design.
Rapidly accruing knowledge of individual GTPases—crystal structures, biochemical …

Extensive research on the Ras proteins and their functions in cell physiology over the past
30 years has led to numerous insights that have revealed the involvement of Ras not only in …

Protein crystallography using synchrotron radiation sources has had a tremendous impact
on biology, having yielded the structures of thousands of proteins and given detailed insight …

With the recent advances in ultrabright electron and x-ray sources, it is now possible to
extend crystallography to the femtosecond time domain to literally light up atomic motions …