Animal models are critical to the advancement of our knowledge of infectious disease
pathogenesis, diagnostics, therapeutics, and prevention strategies. The use of animal …

Evidence-based severity assessment in laboratory animals is, apart from the ethical
responsibility, imperative to generate reproducible, standardized and valid data. However …

The fine-scale grading of the severity experienced by animals used in research constitutes a
key element of the 3Rs (replace, reduce, and refine) principles and a legal requirement in …

There is vast evidence for the effect of NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome
on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Clemastine (CLM) targets NLRP3 in hypoxic brain …

West Nile Virus (WNV), an emerging and re-emerging RNA virus, is the leading source of
arboviral encephalitic morbidity and mortality in the United States. WNV infections are …

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory compound to treat multiple sclerosis and
psoriasis with neuroprotective potential. Its mechanism of action involves activation of the …

This special issue of Laboratory Animals presents an overview and some detailed examples
of the use of score sheets for monitoring welfare of animals undergoing scientific …

Introduction: Evidence-based grading of the impact of intracranial surgery on rat's well-being
is important for ethical and legal reasons. We assessed the severity of complex and …

Background: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most widely used
animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). It is a rapid model, commonly induced in rodents …

This chapter explores the basic principles of a welfare assessment and provides species‐
specific examples of commonly used welfare assessments to form a welfare assessment …