The re-establishment of conscious awareness after discontinuing general anesthesia has
often been assumed to be the inverse of loss of consciousness. This is despite the obvious …

The role of extra-synaptic receptors in the regulation of excitation and inhibition in the brain
has attracted increasing attention. Because activity in the extra-synaptic receptors plays a …

The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein is essential for neuronal development.
Val66Met (rs6265) is a functional polymorphism at codon 66 of the BDNF gene that affects …

Background Age and comorbidities are reported to induce neurobiological transformations
in the brain. Whilst the influence of ageing on anaesthesia-induced electroencephalogram …

Although several genetic factors have been associated with postsurgical morphine
requirements, those involving the innate immune system and cytokines have not been well …

Common adverse symptoms of cancer and chemotherapy are a major health burden; chief
among these is pain, with opioids including transdermal fentanyl the mainstay of treatment …

The aim was to determine if opioid neuroimmunopharmacology pathway gene
polymorphisms alter serum morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide …

The exact role of the brainstem in the control of body functions is not yet well known and the
same applies to the influence of general anaesthesia on brainstem functions. Nevertheless …

Responses to sedatives, analgesics and muscle relaxants vary among patients under
general anesthesia, which could be ascribed to the disparities of clinical characteristics and …

Epilepsy is a brain abnormality neurological disorder and is life-threatening, affecting the
behavior and lifestyle of many people worldwide. Neurologists commonly use an …