It is well known that multi-leaf walls, cavity walls as well as rubble masonry are prone to
brittle collapse mechanism due to weak transverse connections. Twisted steel bars are …

This paper presents the results of a probabilistic experimental study into the behaviour of full-
scale unreinforced masonry (URM) veneer walls with flexible backup subjected to out-of …

The effectiveness of tie-rods is widely stressed in past earthquakes and they are still used
today as reinforcement intervention, given that their use is a low-invasive and low-expensive …

In recent years, the number of human-induced earthquakes in Groningen, a large gas field
in the north of the Netherlands, has increased. The majority of the buildings are built by …

Double-wythe cavity masonry walls are made of two masonry layers (wythes)–an inner
structural wythe typically made from concrete masonry units and an outer façade layer …

Double wythe masonry cavity walls consist of two masonry wythes, an exterior layer typically
made of clay-backed or ceramic bricks (veneer) and the inner layer composed of concrete …

Brick masonry veneer walls connected to infill walls inserted in a reinforced concrete (RC)
frame are a common constructive system in Portugal. The stability of the veneer wall is …

Insulated concrete and double wythe cavity masonry walls are commonly used on building
exteriors. Both wall types consist of inner and outer layers known as wythes, which surround …

Post-earthquake structural damage shows that out-of-plane wall collapse is one of the most
prevalent failure mechanisms in unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. This issue is …

Since all-masonry infilled frames are new and little information is available besides the
research conducted at Dalhousie University, the following literature review focused on the …