Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular process, in which domestic cellular
components are selectively digested for the recycling of nutrients and energy. This process …

In recent decades, the mechanism underlying bone metabolic disorders based on energy
metabolism has been heavily researched. Bone resorption by osteoclasts plays an important …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common disabling joint disease throughout the world and its
therapeutic effect is still not satisfactory in clinic nowadays. Recent studies showed that the …

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal toxicant as a common pollutant derived from many
agricultural and industrial sources. The absorption of Cd takes place primarily through Cd …

Sestrins (Sesns), highly conserved stress-inducible metabolic proteins, are known to protect
organisms against various noxious stimuli including DNA damage, oxidative stress …

Articular cartilage injury is a frequent worldwide disease, while effective treatment is urgently
needed. Due to lack of blood vessels and nerves, the ability of cartilage to self-repair is …

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that play an essential role in the remodeling of the
bone. Defects in osteoclasts thus result in unbalanced bone remodeling, leading to …

Cellular differentiation is associated with the acquisition of a unique protein signature that is
essential to attain the ultimate cellular function and activity of the differentiated cell. This is …

Emerging evidence supports that osteogenic differentiation of skeletal progenitors is a key
determinant of overall bone formation and bone mass. Despite extensive studies showing …

Amino acid metabolism regulates essential cellular functions, not only by fueling protein
synthesis, but also by supporting the biogenesis of nucleotides, redox factors and lipids …