Hypersaline brines are of growing environmental concern. While high-salinity desalination
and zero liquid discharge (ZLD) are increasingly attractive treatment options, the high salt …

Globally, reverse osmosis desalination systems are widely utilized as they have the
cheapest freshwater production cost. On the contrary, reverse osmosis systems have high …

The saline wastewater from various sources including agriculture and industrial activities,
appears to have high salt concentration, organic content and other pollutants which can …

Membrane distillation (MD) is an alternative membrane technology that offers the capacity to
treat highly saline water including industrial wastewater, seawater, brine water from other …

Membrane distillation (MD) is an emerging thermal separation technique, using a
hydrophobic microporous membrane. Initially, the process used MF membranes with a …

Membrane distillation (MD) is considered a promising technology that is expected to
compete with reverse osmosis (RO) for water desalination. The superiority of MD is mainly …

The limited clean water resource has urged the need to extract fresh water from non-
conventional sources. Produced water (PW) is a potential source of fresh water, particularly …

Water scarcity is a grand challenge that requires continuous exploration of new desalination
technologies in order to augment the global supply of fresh water. In this context, membrane …

In this paper, the current and most recent applications of direct contact membrane distillation
(DCMD) are discussed. Apart from its rapidly increasing use for the desalination of highly …

Reject brine is the product from desalination processes containing high salinity, high
temperature, and at many times, dissolved chemicals. With the growing demand of water …