Opioids are mainly used to treat both acute and chronic pain. Several opioids are
metabolized to some extent by CYP2D6 (codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and …

Tramadol is a unique analgesic medication, available in variety of formulations, with both
monoaminergic reuptake inhibitory and opioid receptor agonist activity increasingly …

In recent years, the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for
Adult Cancer Pain have undergone substantial revisions focusing on the appropriate and …

The safe sedation of children for procedures requires a systematic approach that includes
the following: no administration of sedating medication without the safety net of …

The number of diagnostic and minor surgical procedures performed on pediatric patients
outside of the traditional operating room setting has increased in the past several decades …

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome
P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine are governed by CYP2D6 …

Basic Review of the Cytochrome P450 System - PMC Back to Top Skip to main content NIH
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Part I of this article discussed the potential functional importance of genetic mutations and
alleles of the human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene. The impact of CYP2D6 …

Clinicians understand that individual patients differ in their response to specific opioid
analgesics and that patients may require trials of several opioids before finding an agent that …

The polymorphic nature of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes affects individual drug
response and adverse reactions to a great extent. This variation includes copy number …