Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is the result of an autoimmune response to pharyngitis caused
by infection with group A Streptococcus. The long-term damage to cardiac valves caused by …

Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system recognizes and attacks host tissue. In
addition to genetic factors, environmental triggers (in particular viruses, bacteria and other …

Despite continued debates about the role of Group A streptococcal infections in the
etiopathogenesis of PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders …

The group A streptococcus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and its link to autoimmune sequelae,
has acquired a new level of understanding. Studies support the hypothesis that molecular …

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by the
presence of fluctuating motor and phonic tics. The typical age of onset is∼ 5–7 years, and …

The group A streptococci are associated with a group of diseases affecting the heart, brain,
and joints that are collectively referred to as acute rheumatic fever. The streptococcal …

Abstract Introduction: Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) is a
clinically heterogeneous disorder with a number of different etiologies and disease …

To summarize, pathogenic mechanisms of crossreactive autoantibodies which target the
valve in rheumatic heart disease and the neuronal cell in Sydenham chorea share a …

OBJECTIVE:: This is a review of progress made in the understanding of Tourette syndrome
(TS) during the past decade including models of pathogenesis, state-of-the-art assessment …

Group A streptococcal (GAS) infections and autoimmunity are associated with the onset of a
spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders in children, with the prototypical disorder being …