Evidence for a close bidirectional link between the brain and the gut has led to a paradigm
shift in neurology, especially in the case of Parkinson disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal …

The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial …

INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurological condition affecting more
than 1% of the global population aged 60 and above. The primary medication used to treat …

Disturbances along the brain-gut-microbiota axis may significantly contribute to the
pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …

Background: Several studies suggested an important role of the gut microbiota in the
pathophysiology of neurological disorders, implying that alteration of the gut microbiota …

Abstract Purpose of Review The purposes of this review were as follows: first, to provide an
overview of the gut microbiota and its interactions with the gut and the central nervous …

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are essential for modulating neurogenesis,
influencing synaptic remodeling, and regulating neuroinflammation by surveying the brain …

Human gut microbiota senses its environment and responds by releasing metabolites, some
of which are key regulators of human health and disease. In this study, we characterize gut …

Abstract Introduction We showed that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have alpha‐
synuclein (α‐Syn) aggregation in their colon with evidence of colonic inflammation. If PD …