Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can elicit toxicities by inhibiting negative regulators of
adaptive immunity. Sometimes, management of toxicities may require systemic …

Animals receive environmental stimuli from neural signals in order to produce hormones that
control immune responses. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a group of steroid hormones …

Purpose Treatment with programmed cell death-1 or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-(L) 1)
inhibitors is now standard therapy for patients with lung cancer. The immunosuppressive …

Although initially described as an anti-tumor mediator, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is
generally considered as the master pro-inflammatory cytokine. It plays a crucial role in the …

Identifying signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that shape CD8+ T cell phenotype
can inform novel therapeutic approaches for cancer. Here, we identified a gradient of …

Glucocorticoid hormones regulate essential body functions in mammals, control cell
metabolism, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Importantly, they are potent suppressors …

Treatments that block tumour necrosis factor (TNF) have major beneficial effects in several
autoimmune and rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. However, some …

The treatment of lung cancer has changed drastically in recent years owing to the advent of
immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). A 1992 study reported that programmed cell death-1 …

Much data support an essential role for interleukin (IL)-2 in immune tolerance. This idea is
much different from the early paradigm in which IL-2 is central for protective immune …

Regulatory T cells (T reg cells) play a major role in controlling the pathogenic autoimmune
process in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a cytokine which promotes T reg cell …