H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two
decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans …

Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-
stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans …

The patterns and processes of influenza virus evolution are of fundamental importance,
underpinning such traits as the propensity to emerge in new host species and the ability to …

Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this
reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and …

Bats harbor high-impact zoonotic viruses often in the absence of disease manifestation. This
restriction and disease tolerance possibly rely on specific immunological features. In-depth …

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9 subtype are enzootic in Asia, the Middle East, and parts
of North and Central Africa, where they cause significant economic losses to the poultry …

Zoonotic infections of humans with influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animal reservoirs can
result in severe disease in individuals and, in rare cases, lead to pandemic outbreaks; this is …

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been classified on the basis of 16 subtypes of
hemagglutinin (HA) and 9 subtypes of neuraminidase. Here we describe genomic evidence …

Bats are natural reservoirs for many viruses, including several that are zoonotic. Two
unusual H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viruses have been found in New World bats …

Simple Summary Avian influenza viruses are highly contagious respiratory viruses that
severely impact bird populations, causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic …