The upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed cell death protein
1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), on immune cells occurs during acute …

Since the approval of anti-CTLA4 therapy (ipilimumab) for late-stage melanoma in 2011, the
development of anticancer immunotherapy agents has thrived. The success of many …

Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating immune responses to
infections. Recent translation of knowledge about inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and …

Tumors arise from normal cells of the body through genetic mutation. Although such genetic
mutation often leads to the expression of abnormal antigens, the immune system fails to …

IDO1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem
dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino …

In progressive viral infection, antiviral T cell function is impaired by poorly understood
mechanisms. Here we report that the inhibitory immunoregulatory receptor CTLA-4 was …

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication in HIV-infected individuals but does
not eliminate the reservoir of latently infected cells. Recent work identified PD-1+ follicular …

Each microenvironment requires a specific set of regulatory elements that are finely and
constantly tuned to maintain local homeostasis. Various populations of regulatory T cells …

Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase (IDO) degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan in
mammals, catalyzing the initial and rate‐limiting step in the de novo biosynthesis …

Natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) participate in responses to various chronic infections
including HIV. HIV infection is associated with a progressive CD4 lymphopenia and …