This paper presents a novel discriminative learning method, called manifold discriminant
analysis (MDA), to solve the problem of image set classification. By modeling each image …

We provide an introduction to a practical method for rigorous system development which has
been used successfully, under industrial constraints, for design and analysis of complex …

We explore various definitions and characteristics of emergence, how we might recognise
and measure emergence, and how we might engineer emergent systems. We discuss the …

After a number of success stories in safety‐critical domains, we are starting to witness
applications of formal methods in contemporary systems and software engineering …

The B-Method is a state-based formal method that describes system behaviour in terms of
MACHINES whose state changes under OPERATIONS. The process algebra CSP is an …

Eddies provide a systematic, large-scale transfer of tracers and nutrients along isopycnals
through a combination of eddy-induced diffusion and advection. The nutrient distribution is …

Ten years ago the Mondex electronic purse was certified to ITSEC Level E6, the highest
level of assurance for secure systems. This involved building formal models in the Z …

An oceanic general circulation model, previously used to simulate the conditions associated
with the Holocene Sapropel S1, is used to simulate the effects of a climate deterioration …

Refinement is reviewed, highlighting in particular the distinction between its use as a
specification constructor at a high level, and its use as an implementation mechanism at a …

Much of the behaviour of an interactive system is determined by its user population. This
paper describes how assumptions about the user can be brought into system models in …