Although long-term memory consolidation is supported by sleep, it is unclear how it differs
from that during wakefulness. Our review, focusing on recent advances in the field, identifies …

BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

Learning and plasticity rely on fine-tuned regulation of neuronal circuits during offline
periods. An unresolved puzzle is how the sleeping brain, in the absence of external …

Synaptic plasticity, the activity-dependent change in neuronal connection strength, has long
been considered an important component of learning and memory. Computational and …

The hippocampus is crucial for spatial navigation and episodic memory formation.
Hippocampal place cells exhibit spatially selective activity within an environment and have …

Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

INTRODUCTION Learning induces a dynamic reorganization of brain circuits but the
neuronal mechanisms underlying this process are not well understood. Interregional gamma …

BACKGROUND Ever since Edward Tolman's proposal that comprehensive cognitive maps
underlie spatial navigation and, more generally, psychological functions, the question of …

Animals associate cues with outcomes and update these associations as new information is
presented. This requires the hippocampus, yet how hippocampal neurons track changes in …

The consolidation of spatial memory depends on the reactivation ('replay') of hippocampal
place cells that were active during recent behaviour. Such reactivation is observed during …