Background The cause of multiple sclerosis is believed to involve environmental exposure
and genetic susceptibility. We aimed to summarise the environmental risk factors that have …

Although genetic susceptibility explains the clustering of multiple sclerosis (MS) cases within
families and the sharp decline in risk with increasing genetic distance, it cannot fully explain …

The purpose of studying the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is twofold. First, it is
important to understand clearly the natural history of the illness in order to assist patients in …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system
commonly affecting young adults. Pathologically, there are patches of inflammation …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central
nervous system (CNS). Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental …

Introduction Environmental factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS), either acting alone or by interacting with other …

Objective To clarify whether genetic and common infectious backgrounds are distinct,
according to anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) antibody status in Japanese patients with …

MS-pathogenesis involves both genetic-susceptibility and environmental determinants.
Three (or more) sequential environmental-factors are implicated. The first acts near birth, the …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease with complex pathogenesis,
including two main processes: immune-mediated inflammatory demyelination and …

Background There is considerable controversy around the question as to whether
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has a protective or causative role in the development …