The electromagnetic (EM) soil properties are dynamic variables that can change
considerably over time, and they fundamentally affect the performance of Ground …

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) measures the apparent relative dielectric permittivity
(ARDP) of a soil and is commonly used to determine the volumetric water content (VWC) of …

The performance of geotechnical assets is influenced by various external factors including
time and changing loading and environmental conditions. These changes could reduce the …

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) can be used to measure the dry density of compacted
soils, although it is believed that TDR could also be used to monitor the long-term …

Contrasts in electromagnetic properties between the target feature and surrounding soil are
of importance for detection of archaeological features with Ground Penetrating Radar. These …

Electromagnetic wave propagation methods are extensively used in geophysical
prospecting, such as in archaeological and utility surveys. The signal penetration and …

Abstract Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) is a seismic wave propagation
method which involves the measurement of Rayleigh waves propagating along the surface …

Electromagnetic (EM) techniques are used to locate and map archaeological features
through differences in soil EM properties (linked to geotechnical properties and climatic …

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is frequently used to survey roads, pavements and other
sites. To determine the depth of the targets found the permittivity of the ground needs to be …

Fine-grained soils, containing clay minerals, are known to experience potentially
considerable changes in geotechnical properties when exposed to external loads. These …