In a rapidly changing environment, does sexual selection on males elevate a population's
reproductive output? If so, does phenotypic plasticity enhance or diminish any such effect …

A sexual system is the pattern of gender allocation that characterizes a species. In both
plants and animals, simultaneous hermaphroditism and dioecy are the most common and …

Simultaneous hermaphrodites that exchange gametes within pairs allow us to test whether
equity of resource exchange is positively associated with duration of cooperative …

This book is a concise informative elucidation of all aspects of reproduction and
development in annelids covering from arenicola to tubifex. Annelids flourish between 4,900 …

Reciprocity [1] is one of the most controversial evolutionary explanations of cooperation
among non-kin [2, 3]. For some authors, cognitive capacity of non-human organisms is …

Simultaneous hermaphrodites have both male and female sexual functions at the same
time. In this chapter, I briefly summarize the theories on the adaptive significance of …

Polychaetes (ie non-clitellate annelids) display one of the highest diversities of reproductive
traits among marine invertebrates, due to the wide variety of habitats they have colonized …

Conditional reciprocity (help someone who helped you before) explains the evolution of
cooperation among unrelated individuals who take turns helping each other. Reciprocity is …

Egg trading—whereby simultaneous hermaphrodites exchange each other's eggs for
fertilization—constitutes one of the few rigorously documented and most widely cited …

The evolution of gonochorism from hermaphroditism can be gradual by increasing
investment in one sex role while decreasing in the other, or rapid through the fixation of sex …