Glutamate is the most commonly engaged neurotransmitter in the mammalian central
nervous system, acting to mediate excitatory neurotransmission. However, high levels of …

The excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of defensive
antioxidant systems leads to a condition known as oxidative stress. The main source of free …

Most of the genetic information has been lost or transferred to the nucleus during the
evolution of mitochondria. Nevertheless, mitochondria have retained their own genome that …

That certain cell types in the central nervous system are more likely to undergo
neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease is a widely appreciated but poorly understood …

During aging, the cellular milieu of the brain exhibits tell-tale signs of compromised
bioenergetics, impaired adaptive neuroplasticity and resilience, aberrant neuronal network …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated
α-synuclein (α-syn) into intraneuronal inclusions named Lewy bodies (LBs). Although it is …

Abstract Purpose of Review Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative
disorder, the aetiology of which is still largely unknown. Overwhelming evidence indicates …

Mitochondrial dysfunction represents a well-established player in the pathogenesis of both
monogenic and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Initially originating from the observation …

Although the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is still widely unclear, various
mechanisms have been proposed and several pieces of evidence are supportive for an …

Calcium is used in many cellular processes and is maintained within the cell as free calcium
at low concentrations (approximately 100 nM), compared with extracellular (millimolar) …