Human studies consistently identify bioenergetic maladaptations in brains upon aging and
neurodegenerative disorders of aging (NDAs), such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's …

Numerous disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are attributed to the selective
death of distinct neuronal cell populations. Interestingly, in many of these conditions, a …

Dopamine‐releasing neurons within the Substantia nigra (SN DA) are particularly
vulnerable to degeneration compared to other dopaminergic neurons. The age‐dependent …

Mitochondria are undoubtedly changed in Parkinson's disease (PD), and mitochondrial
functions are disrupted in genetic and pharmacologic models of PD. However, many of …

Summary Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by
a polyglutamine expansion within the Ataxin-2 (Atxn2) protein. Purkinje cells (PC) of the …

The degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons is considered the hallmark of Parkinson's
disease (PD), and it is triggered by different factors, including mitochondrial dysfunction …

Understanding medium spiny neuron (MSN) physiology is essential to understand motor
impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD) given the architecture of the basal ganglia. Here …

Cuprous copper [Cu (I)] is an essential cofactor for enzymes that support many fundamental
cellular functions including mitochondrial respiration and suppression of oxidative stress …

Complex molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD)
are gradually being elucidated. Accumulating genetic evidence implicates dysfunction of …

Dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are powerful regulators of
depression-related behavior. Dopamine neuron activity is altered in chronic stress-based …