Environmental contamination by hazardous environmental pollutants is a widespread and
increasingly serious problem confronting society, scientists, and regulators worldwide …

Plants experience oxidative stress upon exposure to heavy metals that leads to cellular
damage. In addition, plants accumulate metal ions that disturb cellular ionic homeostasis. To …

Most aquatic photoautotrophs depend on CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to
maintain productivity at ambient concentrations of CO2, and carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays …

Reversible redox post-translational modifications such as oxido-reduction of disulfide bonds,
S-nitrosylation, and S-glutathionylation, play a prominent role in the regulation of cell …

Abstract Thioredoxins (Trx) and glutaredoxins (Grx) constitute families of thiol
oxidoreductases. Our knowledge of Trx and Grx in plants has dramatically increased during …

I. Introduction II. Classification of Plant Prxs and Their Distribution in Plants and
Cyanobacteria III. Peroxidase Activity of Peroxiredoxins IV. Conformational Dynamics and …

Glutathione, a tripeptide with the sequence γ-Glu-Cys-Gly, exists either in a reduced form
with a free thiol group or in an oxidized form with a disulfide between two identical …

Since their discovery as a substrate for ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the role of
thioredoxin (Trx) and glutaredoxin (Grx) has been largely extended through their regulatory …

Posttranslational modifications (PTM s) of proteins greatly expand proteome diversity,
increase functionality, and allow for rapid responses, all at relatively low costs for the cell …

In living cells, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in signaling but these
compounds can also damage macromolecules. As in other compartments, the mitochondrial …