Although error avoidance during learning appears to be the rule in American classrooms,
laboratory studies suggest that it may be a counterproductive strategy, at least for …

The science of learning has made a considerable contribution to our understanding of
effective teaching and learning strategies. However, few instructors outside of the field are …

Responsive teaching promotes students' mathematical reasoning and positive attitudes
toward mathematics. Due to the complexity of the work of teaching, preservice teachers …

Learning is often identified with the acquisition and encoding of new information. Reading a
textbook, listening to a lecture, participating in a hands-on classroom activity, and studying a …

Testing students on information that they do not know might seem like a fruitless endeavor.
After all, why give anyone a test that they are guaranteed to fail because they have not yet …

Over a century of research has established practice testing as a highly robust learning
strategy that promotes long-term retention. However, learners do not always appreciate the …

The testing effect is a finding from cognitive psychology with relevance for education. It
shows that after an initial study period, taking a practice test improves long-term retention …

Repeated retrieval practice is a powerful learning tool for promoting long-term retention, but
students use this tool ineffectively when regulating their learning. The current experiments …

Errors are inevitable in most learning contexts, but under the right conditions, they can be
beneficial for learning. Prior research indicates that generating and learning from errors can …

Attempting to recall information from memory (ie, retrieval practice) has been shown to
enhance learning across a wide variety of materials, learners, and experimental conditions …