A diverse array of sex determination (SD) mechanisms, encompassing environmental to
genetic, have been found to exist among vertebrates, covering a spectrum from fixed SD …

Incidences of altered development and neoplasia of male reproductive organs have
increased during the last 50 years, as shown by epidemiological data. These data are …

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), a transplacental endocrine-disrupting chemical, was prescribed to
pregnant women for several decades. The number of women who took DES is hard to know …

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) was an orally active estrogen prescribed to the pregnant women to
prevent miscarriages. DES is known as a 'biological time bomb'and long-term effects of DES …

The study of male and female reproductive tract development requires expertise in two
separate disciplines, developmental biology and endocrinology. For ease of …

Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality of the penile urethra with an incidence of
approximately 1: 200–1: 300 male births, which has doubled over the past three decades …

Hypospadias is a defect in penile urethral closure that occurs in approximately 1/150 live
male births in developed nations, making it one of the most common congenital …

Significant decreases in fertility have been observed over the past 50 years, with female
conception rates dropping by 44% and male sperm counts decreasing by over 50%. This …

Hypospadias, a developmental defect of the penis, is one of the most common congenital
malformations in humans. Its incidence has rapidly increased over recent decades, and this …

Recent evidence suggest that estrogens along with androgens are necessary for male
sexual differentiation, augmenting Jost's original hypothesis. To better understand the …