In many parts of Europe, close-to-nature silviculture (CNS) has been widely advocated as
being the best approach for managing forests to cope with future climate change. In this …

Background The development of forestry as a scientific and management discipline over the
last two centuries has mainly emphasized intensive management operations focused on …

Forests provide a series of ecosystem services that are crucial to our society. In the
European Union (EU), forests account for approximately 38% of the total land surface. These …

Abstract Changes in forest disturbances can have strong impacts on forests, yet we lack
consistent data on Europe's forest disturbance regimes and their changes over time. Here …

Human impacts on Earth's ecosystems have greatly intensified in the last decades. This is
reflected in unexpected disturbance events, as well as new and increasing socio-economic …

Closer-to-Nature Forest Management is a new concept proposed in the EU Forest Strategy
for 2030, which aims to improve the conservation values and climate resilience of …

There is increasing interest across Europe in adopting forest management strategies, which
promote species and structural diversity through the use of irregular silvicultural systems, an …

Mountain forests are among the most important ecosystems in Europe as they support
numerous ecological, hydrological, climatic, social, and economic functions. They are …

Highlights•Trajectories in the global land system call for improvements in our understanding
of land-use intensity.•A comprehensive conceptual framework and a system of measurement …

Assessments of land-system change have dominantly focused on conversions among broad
land-use categories, whereas intensity changes within these categories have received less …