An individual's behaviour patterns can be conceptualized as a series of threat‐sensitive
trade‐offs between ambient predation pressure and a suite of fitness‐related activities, such …

Any animal whose form or behavior facilitates the avoidance of predators or escape when
attacked by predators will have a greater probability of surviving to breed and therefore …

Motor vehicles are a major source of toxic contaminants such as copper, a metal that
originates from vehicle exhaust and brake pad wear. Copper and other pollutants are …

Copper contamination in surface waters is common in watersheds with mining activities or
agricultural, industrial, commercial, and residential human land uses. This widespread …

Predation is one of the most important selective forces acting on prey animals. To respond
adaptively to predation threats and increase their chances of survival, prey animals have to …

Prey animals may mediate the intensity of their behavioural responses to predators to reflect
their risk of predation. However, in the absence of an overt (observable) behavioural …

Many aquatic organisms use chemosensory information to learn about local predation
threats, but contaminants in their environment may impair such cognitive processes …

Most species are at risk of predation during some, if not all, phases of their lives. As a result,
there exists strong selection pressure for early detection and avoidance of potential …

Captive rearing may elicit experiential or genetically based changes to salmonid
antipredator behaviour, which may reduce survival of hatchery-reared fishes when they are …

The use of chemical information in assessment of predation risk is pervasive across animal
taxa. However, by its very nature, chemical information can be temporally unreliable …