Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition characterized by the body's loss of control over
blood sugar. The frequency of diagnosed cases and consequential increases in medical …

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic
polypeptide receptor (GIPR) are two class B1 G protein-coupled receptors, which are …

For the past century, insulin injections have saved millions of lives, but glycemic instability is
still a persistent challenge for people with diabetes, leading to tremendous morbidity and …

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs are considered the best current medicines for type
2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity due to their actions in lowering blood glucose and body …

Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) fail to secrete insulin in response to increased glucose
levels that occur with eating. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent …

Incretins are hormones secreted from enteroendocrine cells after nutrient intake that
stimulate insulin secretion from β cells in a glucose‐dependent manner. Glucose …

The incretin hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) augments
glucose-dependent insulin secretion through its receptor expressed on islet β-cells. GIP also …

Fatty acid (FA)-stimulated insulin secretion (FASIS) is reviewed here in contrast to type 2
diabetes etiology, resulting from FA overload, oxidative stress, intermediate …

Significance: Type 2 diabetes development involves multiple changes in β-cells, related to
the oxidative stress and impaired redox signaling, beginning frequently by sustained …

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an intestinal hormone with a broad
range of physiological actions. In the postprandial state, the hormone stimulates insulin …