Infrared difference spectroscopy probes vibrational changes of proteins upon their
perturbation. Compared with other spectroscopic methods, it stands out by its sensitivity to …

The last two decades have seen a great surge of activity in the field of biomembranes [1-3].
Biophysical studies of model and natural membranes have been quite successful in …

L, and bR—* M photoreactions in bacteriorhodopsin mutants in which Asp residues 85, 96,
115, and 212 have been replaced by Asn and by Glu. Difference peaks that had previously …

We have developed a new technique for the study of redox‐linked conformational changes
in proteins, by the combination of two established techniques. Fourier‐transform infrared …

Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is a 26,000-dalton intrinsic membrane protein that functions as a
light-driven proton pump in the" purple membrane" of Halobacterium halobium (Birge, 1981; …

Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is a light-driven proton pump whose function includes two key
membrane-based processes, active transport and energy transduction. Despite extensive …

Instituí für Biophysik and Strahlenbiologie, Universitat Freiburg, D-7800 Freiburg im
Breisgau, FRG, and Max-Planck-lnstitut für Ernahrungsphysiologie, D-4600 Dortmund, FRG …

Materials and Methods Retinal Derivatives. Crystalline all-trans-retinal (Eastman Kodak)
was shown to be> 98% pure by high-performance liquid chromatography and was used …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …

The use of vibrational spectroscopy to probe the structure and dynamics of biological
molecules is a rapidly expanding area of research. Its origins, however, lie in the early …