Ribosomes are among the largest and most dynamic molecular motors. The structure and
dynamics of translation initiation and elongation are reviewed. Three ribosome motions …

Life on Earth and the genetic code evolved around tRNA and the tRNA anticodon. We posit
that the genetic code initially evolved to synthesize polyglycine as a cross-linking agent to …

A central question in the evolution of the modern translation machinery is the origin and
chemical ethology of the amino acids prescribed by the genetic code. The RNA World …

The genetic code evolved around the reading of the tRNA anticodon on the primitive
ribosome, and tRNA-34 wobble and tRNA-37 modifications coevolved with the code. We …

Pathways of standard genetic code evolution remain conserved and apparent, particularly
upon analysis of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) lineages. Despite having incompatible …

The genetic code, as arranged in the standard tabular form, displays a non-random structure
relating to the characteristics of the amino acids. An alternative arrangement can be made …

The genetic code sectored via tRNA charging errors, and the code progressed toward
closure and universality because of evolution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) fidelity …

Theoretical minimal RNA ring design ensures coding over the shortest length once for each
coding signal (start and stop codons, and each amino acid) and their hairpin configuration …

There are no theorems (proven theories) in the biological sciences. We propose that the 3
31 nt minihelix tRNA evolution theorem be universally accepted as one. The 3 31 nt …

Because tRNA is the core biological intellectual property that was necessary to evolve
translation systems, tRNAomes, ribosomes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, and the genetic …