The cancer-immunity cycle provides a framework to understand the series of events that
generate anti-cancer immune responses. It emphasizes the iterative nature of the response …

The tumor microenvironment demonstrates great immunophenotypic heterogeneity, which
has been leveraged in traditional immune-hot/cold tumor categorization based on the …

The interplay between extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and the tumor microenvironment
is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in cancer progression and the efficacy of …

TGFβ is a pleiotropic signaling pathway that plays a pivotal role in regulating a multitude of
cellular functions. TGFβ has a dual role in cell regulation where it induces growth inhibition …

Inhibitory immune checkpoint (ICP) molecules are pivotal in inhibiting innate and acquired
antitumor immune responses, a mechanism frequently exploited by cancer cells to evade …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) features an immunosuppressive tumor
microenvironment (TME) that resists immunotherapy. Tumor-associated macrophages …

Blockade of immune checkpoints PD-1 and TIGIT has demonstrated activity in mouse tumor
models and human patients with cancer. Although these coinhibitory receptors can restrict …

CD8+ T-cell exhaustion has been identified as a significant contributor to
immunosuppression and immune escape in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) …

Natural killer (NK) cells can control metastasis through cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production
independently of T cells in experimental metastasis mouse models. The inverse correlation …

Background Targeting the TGF-β pathway in tumor therapy has proven challenging due to
the highly context-dependent functions of TGF-β. Integrin αvβ8, a pivotal activator of TGF-β …