The advent of ribosome profiling and other tools to probe mRNA translation has revealed
that codon bias—the uneven use of synonymous codons in the transcriptome—serves as a …

3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) are the noncoding parts of mRNAs. Compared to
yeast, in humans, median 3′-UTR length has expanded approximately tenfold alongside …

Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encode information in both their primary sequence and their
higher order structure. The independent contributions of factors like codon usage and …

Translation is one of the fundamental processes of life. It comprises the assembly of
polypeptides whose amino acid sequence corresponds to the codon sequence of an …

Transcription and translation are two main pillars of gene expression. Due to the different
timings, spots of action, and mechanisms of regulation, these processes are mainly …

The lysosome degrades and recycles macromolecules, signals to the master growth
regulator mTORC1 [mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1], and is associated …

Codon usage bias, the preference for certain synonymous codons, is found in all genomes.
Although synonymous mutations were previously thought to be silent, a large body of …

Ribosome profiling has emerged as a technique for measuring translation comprehensively
and quantitatively by deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments. By …

Ribosomes undergo substantial conformational changes during translation elongation to
accommodate incoming aminoacyl-tRNAs and translocate along the mRNA template. We …

The translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein and the folding of the resulting
protein into an active form are prerequisites for virtually every cellular process and represent …