BACKGROUND The integrated stress response (ISR) is an evolutionarily conserved
intracellular signaling network that helps the cell, tissue, and organism to adapt to a variable …

Mitochondria are essential organelles that execute and coordinate various metabolic
processes in the cell. Mitochondrial dysfunction severely affects cell fitness and contributes …

Mitochondrial function declines during ageing owing to the accumulation of deleterious
mitochondrial genomes and damage resulting from the localized generation of reactive …

The mitochondrial network is not only required for the production of energy, essential
cofactors and amino acids, but also serves as a signaling hub for innate immune and …

A central mechanism regulating translation initiation in response to environmental stress
involves phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) …

In addition to the main, protein-coding, open reading frame (mORF), many eukaryotic
mRNAs contain upstream ORFs (uORFs) initiated at AUG or near-cognate codons residing …

Mitochondrial dysfunction is pervasive in human pathologies such as neurodegeneration,
diabetes, cancer, and pathogen infections as well as during normal aging. Cells sense and …

Mitochondria are essential for tumor growth and progression. However, the heavy demand
for mitochondrial activity in cancer leads to increased production of mitochondrial reactive …

ATF4 is a cellular stress induced bZIP transcription factor that is a hallmark effector of the
integrated stress response. The integrated stress response is triggered by phosphorylation …

Eukaryotic cells must accurately monitor the integrity of the mitochondrial network to
overcome environmental insults and respond to physiological cues. The mitochondrial …