Metabolic abnormalities lead to the dysfunction of metabolic pathways and metabolite
accumulation or deficiency which is well-recognized hallmarks of diseases. Metabolite …

The gut microbiota has a crucial effect on regulating the intestinal mucosal immunity and
maintaining intestinal homeostasis both in health and in disease state. Many effects are …

The intestinal microbiota metabolic activity towards the available substrates generates
myriad bacterial metabolites that may accumulate in the luminal fluid. Among them, indole …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was first identified as the intracellular protein that
bound and mediated the toxic effects of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high prevalence of cardiovascular
diseases. During CKD, the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS)—derived from tryptophan …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) imposes a strong and independent risk for peripheral artery
disease (PAD). While solutes retained in CKD patients (uremic solutes) inflict vascular …

With high prevalence and mortality, together with metabolic reprogramming, colorectal
cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Metabolic reprogramming gives tumors …

Covid-19 is the acute illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 with initial clinical symptoms such as
cough, fever, malaise, headache, and anosmia. After entry into cells, corona viruses (CoV) …

To achieve longevity, IgA plasma cells require a sophisticated anatomical microenvironment
that provides cytokines, cell-cell contacts, and nutrients as well as metabolites. The intestinal …

In recent years, the field of venous thromboembolism has undergone numerous innovations,
starting from the recent discoveries on the role of biomarkers, passing through the role of …