Background GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) with exenatide bid first approved to treat
type 2 diabetes in 2005 have been further developed to yield effective compounds …

In animals, systemic control of metabolism is conducted by metabolic tissues and relies on
the regulated circulation of a plethora of molecules, such as hormones and lipoprotein …

Incretin hormones are gut peptides that are secreted after nutrient intake and stimulate
insulin secretion together with hyperglycaemia. GIP (glucose‐dependent insulinotropic …

Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion (AIMD) has been used frequently to study the role
of the gut microbiome in pathological conditions. However, unlike germ-free mice, the effects …

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a 30-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the
intestinal epithelial endocrine L-cells by differential processing of proglucagon, the gene …

Medicinal plants play a fundamental part in health sectors via the management of different
infectious diseases because of their wide plenitude wellspring of bioactive phytochemicals …

There is a growing awareness that gut commensal metabolites play a major role in host
physiology and indeed the pathophysiology of several illnesses. The composition of the …

OBJECTIVE Exogenous administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or GLP-1
receptor agonists such as an exendin-4 has direct beneficial effects on the cardiovascular …

Obesity is closely related to metabolic syndromes such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes and
has become a global public health problem. Probiotics are now used as a treatment for …

The gastrointestinal tract has a crucial role in the control of energy homeostasis through its
role in the digestion, absorption, and assimilation of ingested nutrients. Furthermore, signals …