It has been well established that CD8+ T cells serve as effector cells of the adaptive immune
response against tumors, whereas CD4+ T cells either help or suppress the generation of …

The rising incidence of cancer cases worldwide generates an urgent need of novel
treatment options. Applying bacteria may represent a valuable therapeutic variant that is …

Surgical resection remains the prefer option for bladder cancer treatment. However, the
effectiveness of surgery is usually limited for the high recurrence rate and poor prognosis …

Tumor immunotherapy aims to break effector T-cell anergy and to block suppressive cell
types and ligands allowing effector cells to exert tumor eradication. Previous reports …

Abstract Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the only FDA approved first line therapy for
patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. The purpose of this study is to better …

Patients with high-risk, nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) frequently relapse after
standard intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy and may have a dismal …

Bladder cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The main immune
mechanisms which lead to bladder cancer development or treatment outcomes have yet to …

Checkpoint blockade of CTLA‐4 results in long‐lasting survival benefits in metastatic cancer
patients. However, patients treated with CTLA‐4 blockade have suffered from immune …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have an important role in the activation of both innate and
adaptive immunity in response to pathogens and danger signals. These receptors are …

Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) is one of the great success stories of
immunotherapy as a treatment for superficial urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Despite …