Most studies focus on the first and second signals of T cell activation. However, the roles of
cytokines in immunotherapy are not fully understood, and cytokines have not been widely …

Indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (iNHLs) are incurable with standard therapy and are
poorly responsive to checkpoint blockade. Although lymphoma cells are efficiently killed by …

Type I interferons have long been appreciated as a cytokine family that regulates antiviral
immunity. Recently, their role in eliciting antitumor immune responses has gained increasing …

Many patients remain unresponsive to intensive PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy despite the
presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We propose that impaired innate sensing might …

Macrophages constitute a major component in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and
perform various functions to facilitate disease progression. Reprogramming or reconstituting …

Antibodies, as one of the most important components of host adaptive immune system, play
an important role in defense of infectious disease, immune surveillance, and autoimmune …

Purpose PD-1 targeted immunotherapy has imparted a survival benefit to advanced head
and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), but less than 20% patients produce a durable …

Background Sorafenib is the most widely used first-line treatment for patients with advanced
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but such treatment provides only limited survival benefits …

Tumor-targeting antibodies were initially defined as a group of therapeutic monoclonal
antibodies (mAb) that recognize tumor-specific membrane proteins, block cell signaling, and …

Type I interferon (IFN) is a potent antitumoral drug, with an important history in the treatment
of hematologic malignancies. However, its pleiotropic nature leads to severe dose-limiting …