Nanotoxicology studies toxicity of nanomaterials and has been widely applied in biomedical
researches to explore toxicity of various biological systems. Investigating biological systems …

As major histocompatibility complexes in humans, the human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
have important functions to present antigen peptides onto T-cell receptors for immunological …

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents a significant challenge to drug development and
regulatory science. The FDA's Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base (LTKB) evaluated> 1000 …

The interaction event between programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1)
functions as an essential immune checkpoint against cytotoxic T effector cell activation …

Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are a type of adverse drug reaction that can occur
with different classes of drugs and affect multiple organ systems and patient populations …

Using existing drugs for new indications (drug repurposing) is an effective method not only
to reduce drug development time and costs but also to develop treatments for new disease …

Abstract The matrix metallopeptidase 13 (MMP13) is a central regulator of chondrocyte
senescence that contributes to the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). In …

The shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes significant damage to aquaculture
production worldwide but a vaccine, eliciting the immunogenicity of shrimps against WSSV …

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) risk in humans is a complicated safety concern due to
diverse mechanisms, various severity levels, variation in population groups, and difficulty in …

Drug discovery is a costly process which usually takes more than 10 years and billions of
dollars for one successful drug to enter the market. Despite all the safety tests, drugs may …