Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a chytrid fungus that causes chytridiomycosis in
amphibians. Only named in 1999, Bd is a proximate driver of declines in global amphibian …

The prevalence and intensity of parasites in wild hosts varies across space and is a key
determinant of infection risk in humans, domestic animals and threatened wildlife. Because …

Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent
forces shaping the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of …

Throughout the world people differ in the magnitude with which they value strong family ties
or heightened religiosity. We propose that this cross-cultural variation is a result of a …

Defending self against nonself is a major problem in a world in which individuals are under
constant pressure from parasites that gain fitness benefits at a cost to their host. Defences …

Understanding the rate of evolutionary change and the genetic architecture that facilitates
rapid adaptation is a current challenge in evolutionary biology. Comparative studies show …

External immune defence, such as antimicrobial secretions, is not generally viewed as part
of the immune system. Nevertheless, it constitutes a first barrier to pathogens and …

Individuals vary extensively in the way they respond to disease but the genetic basis of this
variation is not fully understood. We found substantial individual variation in resistance and …

Researchers using the parasite-stress theory of human values have discovered many cross-
cultural behavioural patterns that inform a range of scholarly disciplines. Here, we apply the …

Until recently, it was assumed that insects lack immune memory since they do not have
vertebrate-like specialized memory cells. Therefore, their most well studied evolutionary …