An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated
and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance—as is the case in some …

Despite the enormous progress in the understanding of the course of the ischemic stroke
over the last few decades, a therapy that effectively protects neurovascular units (NVUs) and …

Background Within 2 min of severe ischemia, spreading depolarization (SD) propagates like
a wave through compromised gray matter of the higher brain. More SDs arise over hours in …

Various explanations for the pathophysiology of migraines have been proposed; however,
none of these provide a complete explanation. The author critically reviews previous …

The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated in the pathogenesis of several
pain-related syndromes, including migraine. Targeting CGRP and its receptor by their …

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. Either recovery or
progression towards irreversible failure of neurons and astrocytes occurs within minutes to …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and advanced form of primary malignant tumor
occurring in the adult central nervous system, and it is frequently associated with epilepsy, a …

Migraine is a complex and debilitating neurological disease that affects 15% of the
population worldwide. It is defined by the presence of recurrent severe attacks of disabling …

Neuron excitotoxic damage induced by extracellular glutamate accumulation pathologically
is one of the main mechanisms of depression. Glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) expressed in …

Orofacial pain is a universal predicament, afflicting millions of individuals worldwide.
Research on the molecular mechanisms of orofacial pain has predominately focused on the …