Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular
bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be …

The gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a
highly fatal opportunistic foodborne infection. Pregnant women, neonates, the elderly, and …

The liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors with established roles in the regulation of
lipid metabolism. We now show that LXR signaling not only regulates macrophage …

The tuberculosis vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was
equipped with the membrane-perforating listeriolysin (Hly) of Listeria monocytogenes, which …

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most abundant white cell in humans and an
essential component of the innate immune system. PMNs are typically the first type of …

Invasive Salmonella typhimurium induces dramatic cytoskeletal changes on the membrane
surface of mammalian epithelial cells and RAW264. 7 macrophages as part of its entry …

Interest in bacterial pathogenesis has recently increased because of antibiotic resistance,
the emergence of new pathogens and the resurgence of old ones, and the lack of effective …

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming toxin of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family
and a primary virulence factor of the gram-positive, facultative intracellular pathogen Listeria …

Pathogenic Yersinia spp. carry a large common plasmid that encodes a number of essential
virulence determinants. Included in these factors are the Yersinia-secreted proteins called …

Pneumococcus is the most common and aggressive cause of bacterial meningitis and
induces a novel apoptosis-inducing factor–dependent (AIF–dependent) form of brain cell …