Cellular membranes function as permeability barriers that separate cells from the external
environment or partition cells into distinct compartments. These membranes are lipid …

Human bodies collectively turn over about 200 billion to 300 billion cells every day. Such
turnover is an integral part of embryonic and postnatal development, as well as routine …

Tonic signaling of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), ie, the spontaneous CAR activation in
the absence of tumor antigen stimulation, is considered to be a pivotal event controlling CAR …

Neuronal circuit assembly requires the fine balance between synapse formation and
elimination. Microglia, through the elimination of supernumerary synapses, have an …

Maintenance of lipid asymmetry across the two leaflets of the plasma membrane (PM)
bilayer is a ubiquitous feature of eukaryotic cells. Loss of this asymmetry has been widely …

Extracellular adenine nucleotides play important roles in cell–cell communication and tissue
homeostasis. High concentrations of extracellular ATP released by dying cells are sensed …

Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is a phospholipid that is abundant in eukaryotic plasma
membranes. An ATP-dependent enzyme called flippase normally keeps PtdSer inside the …

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a major component of membrane bilayers whose change in
distribution between inner and outer leaflets is an important physiological signal. Normally …

ATP, which is released under pathological conditions and is considered a damage-
associated molecular pattern (DAMP), activates P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs), trimeric plasma …

P2X receptors are trimeric, non-selective cation channels activated by extracellular ATP. The
P2X 7 receptor subtype is a pharmacological target because of involvement in apoptotic …