From the perspective of aeronautical engineers, this paper gives a systematical summary of
the technical aspects of bird flight that should be considered in the analysis and design of …

Nature has undergone millions of years of evolution, enabling organisms to adapt and
survive in their environment. The remarkable features developed by these organisms serve …

Flying vertebrates exhibit sophisticated wingbeat kinematics. Their specialized forelimbs
allow for the wing morphing motion to couple with the flapping motion during their level …

Flying vertebrates change the shapes of their wings during the upstroke, thereby decreasing
wing surface area and bringing the wings closer to the body than during downstroke. These …

Birds change the shape and area of their wings to an exceptional degree, surpassing
insects, bats and aircraft in their ability to morph their wings for a variety of tasks. This …

Animal flight performance has been studied using models developed for man-made aircraft.
For an aeroplane with fixed wings, the energetic cost as a function of flight speed can be …

We present a physically based controller that simulates the flapping behavior of a bird in
flight. We recorded the motion of a dove using marker-based optical motion capture and …

We analyze the effects of morphology and wing kinematics on the performance of hovering
flight. We present a simplified dynamical model with body translational and rotational …

A theoretical model of avian flight is developed which simulates wing motion through a class
of methods known as predictive simulation. This approach uses numerical optimization to …

Throughout the last decade, there has been an increased demand for intricate flapping-wing
drones with different capabilities than larger drones. The design of flapping-wing drones is …