Abstract Treatment outcomes for major depressive disorder (MDD) need to be improved.
Presently, no clinically relevant tools have been established for stratifying subgroups or …

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, creating a high
medical and socioeconomic burden. There is a growing interest in the biological …

Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission
are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is strongly associated with immune dysfunction. Replicated
epidemiological studies have demonstrated that BD has high rates of inflammatory medical …

Ketamine, a drug introduced in the 1960s as an anesthetic agent and still used for that
purpose, has garnered marked interest over the past two decades as an emerging treatment …

Highlights•Chronic stress, depression and inflammation have been consistently
linked.•Stress-induced inflammatory states can contribute to treatment resistance.•Ketamine …

Bipolar disorder is a decidedly heterogeneous and multifactorial disease, with a high
individual and societal burden. While not all patients display overt markers of elevated …

Depression and metabolic disorders, including overweight and obesity, appear tightly
interrelated. The prevalence of these conditions is concurrently growing worldwide, and both …

A subset of patients with depression have elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, and
some studies demonstrate interaction between inflammatory factors and treatment outcome …

Abstract (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine) and its enantiomer (S)-ketamine (esketamine) can
produce rapid and substantial antidepressant effects. However, individual response to …