IL-34 is a novel cytokine that was identified in 2008 in a comprehensive proteomic analysis
as a tissue-specific ligand of CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R). IL-34 exists in all vertebrates …

Monocytes and macrophages are critical effectors and regulators of innate immune
response. They not only play crucial and distinctive roles in homeostasis, but also contribute …

Objective In the tumour microenvironment, critical drivers of immune escape include the
oncogenic activity of the tumour cell-intrinsic osteopontin (OPN), the expression of …

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with advanced cirrhosis or post‐liver
transplantation recurrence represents a high unmet medical need with no approved …

Abstract CSF-1 and IL-34 share the CSF-1 receptor and no differences have been reported
in the signaling pathways triggered by both ligands in human monocytes. IL-34 promotes the …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in regulation of tumor metastasis. However, the role
of these molecules in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully elucidated. In this …

Macrophages are part of the innate immune system and are present in every organ of the
body. They fulfill critical roles in tissue homeostasis and development and are involved in …

Interleukin-34 is a cytokine with only partially understood functions, described for the first
time in 2008. Although IL-34 shares very little homology with CSF-1 (CSF1, M-CSF), they …

Microglia are the major immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Born in
peripheral hematopoietic tissues, microglial precursors colonize the CNS during early …

Background The vast majority of trait-associated variants identified using genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) are noncoding, and therefore assumed to impact gene …