Reactive species play an important role in physiological functions. Overproduction of
reactive species, notably reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species along with the …

Inflammatory reactions could be both beneficial and detrimental to the brain, depending on
strengths of their activation in various stages of neurodegeneration. Mild activation of …

Mitochondria is one of the main source of oxidative stress (ROS), as it utilizes the oxygen for
the energy production. ROS and RNS are normally generated by tightly regulated enzymes …

Background: Inflammation is a part of the first line of defense of the body against invasive
pathogens, and plays a crucial role in tissue regeneration and repair. A proper inflammatory …

Compelling evidence from basic molecular biology has demonstrated the dual roles of
microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). On one hand, microglia are …

The drug efflux transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 at the blood-brain barrier limit the delivery
of drugs into the brain. Strategies to overcome ABCB1/ABCG2 have been largely …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, in which the primary etiology
remains unknown. AD presents amyloid beta (Aβ) protein aggregation and neurofibrillary …

Neuronal loss is one of the striking causes of various central nervous system (CNS)
disorders, including major neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) …

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with
dementia, is typified by the pathological accumulation of amyloid Aβ peptides and …

Amyloid aggregation is a hallmark of several degenerative diseases affecting the brain or
peripheral tissues, whose intermediates (oligomers, protofibrils) and final mature fibrils …